segunda-feira, 16 de abril de 2012

Magnetic resonance imaging

In modern healthcare services, imaging has become one of the essential cornerstones in the daily routine of physicians and other professionals. Diagnostic and procedures rely on innovative imaging technologies for disease detection, treatment, and follow-up, that are as safe, patient-friendly and effective as possible.
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful non invasive technique that allows great contrast in soft tissues, high spatial resolution and has both anatomical and functional information. The automatic extraction of clinical relevant information has became mandatory to efficiently deal with the large amount of data generated using imaging techniques.
Clinically MRI is based on imaging mostly water, abundant in our body, which has hydrogen, whose nucleus is composed by one proton. The MRI signal is generated from this nucleus, hence the use of the word nuclear in NMR. MRI image modality is so powerful because beside its resolution, it gives flexibility and sensibility to a broad range of tissue properties such as proton densities, relaxation times, temperature, proton motion, the chemical shifts in the Larmor frequencies and tissues heterogeneities. MRI has also the advantage of being relatively safe, non-invasive and it does not use ionizing radiation, making this technology able to be used in individuals of almost any age. MRI has the capacity to offer anatomical and functional images, that help us understanding much more about the human body.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Physically, MRI is based on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomenon, described first by Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell in 1946, and primarily it was used to study molecular structure and dynamics within the fields of physics and chemistry. Only 30 years ago, Lauterbur and Mansfield, introduced the MRI to obtain clinical images.
A rigorous description of the physics of NMR requires some quantum mechanics knowledge, however a classical approach of nuclear system is sufficient to describe most of the relevant phenomena.